I was looking after such a powerCLI command and I found something close. This command gives the link between physical and virtual link.
First, connect to your ESXi server (this command doesn't work trought vCenter) then type :
Get-EsxTop -CounterName NetPort | Select PortID, ClientName, TeamUplink
I am still searching for a command that show also the vswitch and the virtual adapter number relation.